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A fissure in the lava field of Þingvellir National Park, Iceland. A ground fissure, also called an earth fissure, is a long, narrow crack or linear opening in the Earth's crust. Ground fissures can form naturally, such as from tectonic faulting and earthquakes, or as a consequence of human activity, such as oil mining and groundwater pumping.
The rate of spread is about 1.8 cm/year (0.71 in/year). [14] The spreading that occurs generates NE-SE trending fissure swarm faulting and connects the area with the other surrounding rift zones. The stress that is accumulated through the volcanism is released every 800–1000 years through the fissure eruptions.
The fissure was initially estimated to be over 1 km (0.62 mi) in length, but roughly an hour and a half later, the fissure had expanded to a width of 3.4 km (2.1 mi), consistent with the pattern observed in previous eruptions. [161] Evacuations were again ordered in Grindavík and at the Blue Lagoon.
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Fault zone results from brittle deformation. [3] Numerous mechanisms can vary the permeability of a fault zone. Some processes affect the permeability temporarily. These processes enhance the permeability for a certain period, and then reduce it later on: in this case, like seismic events, the permeability is not constant through time. [11]
[3] At 04:00 on 31 August another fissure eruption began along the same fissure previously, estimated to be about 1.5 km long. By 07:00 the lava flow was 1 km wide and 3 km long, extending to the north-east and several metres thick; the lava output was approximately 1000 cubic metres per second.