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  2. Outcome measure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcome_measure

    Outcomes measures should be relevant to the target of the intervention (be it a single person or a target population). [2] Depending on the design of a trial, outcome measures can be either primary outcomes, in which case the trial is designed around finding an adequate study size (through proper randomization and power calculation). [1]

  3. Clinical endpoint - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_endpoint

    Clinical endpoints or clinical outcomes are outcome measures referring to occurrence of disease, symptom, sign or laboratory abnormality constituting a target outcome in clinical research trials. The term may also refer to any disease or sign that strongly motivates withdrawal of an individual or entity from the trial, then often termed a ...

  4. Outcome switching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcome_switching

    Outcome switching also occurs frequently in follow-up studies. [6] In an analysis of oncology trials, outcome switching was more common in studies with a male first author, and in studies funded by non-profits. [7] One study analysed outcome switching in five top medical journals, writing letters for each misreported trial outcome.

  5. Causal inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_inference

    Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main difference between causal inference and inference of association is that causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect variable is changed.

  6. Case–control study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case–control_study

    Porta's Dictionary of Epidemiology defines the case–control study as: "an observational epidemiological study of persons with the disease (or another outcome variable) of interest and a suitable control group of persons without the disease (comparison group, reference group). The potential relationship of a suspected risk factor or an ...

  7. Design of experiments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments

    The use of a sequence of experiments, where the design of each may depend on the results of previous experiments, including the possible decision to stop experimenting, is within the scope of sequential analysis, a field that was pioneered [12] by Abraham Wald in the context of sequential tests of statistical hypotheses. [13]

  8. Cohort study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_study

    A cohort study is a particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort (a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically those who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation), performing a cross-section at intervals through time.

  9. Experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment

    In some disciplines (e.g., psychology or political science), a 'true experiment' is a method of social research in which there are two kinds of variables. The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter, and the dependent variable is measured.