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The exact changes in brain chemistry and function that cause either late-life or earlier onset depression are unclear. It is known, however, that brain changes can be triggered by the stresses of certain life events such as illness, childbirth, death of a loved one, life transitions (such as retirement), interpersonal conflicts, or social ...
Stage-crisis view is a theory of adult development that was established by Daniel Levinson. [1] [2] Although largely influenced by the work of Erik Erikson, [3] Levinson sought to create a broader theory that would encompass all aspects of adult development as opposed to just the psychosocial.
Erik Erikson and Carl Jung proposed stage theories [2] [3] of human development that encompass the entire life span, and emphasized the potential for positive change very late in life. The concept of adulthood has legal and socio-cultural definitions. The legal definition [4] of an adult is a person who is fully grown or developed.
[4] [38] Other research shows that even late in life, the potential exists for physical, mental, and social growth and development. [39] Successful ageing consists of three components: [3] The avoidance of illness and disease; High cognitive and physical function; Social and productive engagement
Loneliness follows a U-shaped distribution across the life course, peaking in adolescence and late adulthood while being less common in middle adulthood. [1] Unlike the transient nature of loneliness during younger ages—often associated with life transitions like entering adulthood or starting a career—loneliness in older adulthood tends to persist.
A midlife crisis is a transition of identity and self-confidence that can occur in middle-aged individuals, typically 45 to 64/65 years old. [1] [2] [3] The phenomenon is described as a psychological crisis brought about by events that highlight a person's growing age, inevitable mortality, and possible lack of accomplishments in life.
The two principal models that attempt to explain this relationship are the social causation theory, which posits that socioeconomic inequality causes stress that gives rise to mental illness, and the downward drift approach, which assumes that people predisposed to mental illness are reduced in socioeconomic status as a result of the illness ...
Thanatology is the scientific study of death and the losses brought about as a result. It investigates the mechanisms and forensic aspects of death, such as bodily changes that accompany death and the postmortem period, as well as wider psychological and social aspects related to death. It is primarily an interdisciplinary study offered as a ...