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The "Golden Lyre of Ur" or "Bull's Lyre" is the finest lyre, and was given to the Iraq Museum in Baghdad. [10] Its reconstructed wooden body was damaged due to flooding during the Second Iraqi War; [11] [7] a replica of it is being played as part of a touring ensemble. [2] The "Golden Lyre" got its name because the whole head of the bull is ...
The Mesopotamian sun god Utu/Shamash was often taken to assume the form of a bull, particularly in his role at sunrise, and is the figure most frequently described in some cuneiform texts as having a lapis lazuli beard. [2] For these reasons, the Penn Museum has asserted that the bull head of the lyre is a representation of Utu/Shamash. [3]
Musicians play the Mesopotamian dulcimer, a string instrument with many modern names and derivatives. The body of the lyre (Sumerian: zami, Babylonian: sammu, Hittite: zinar) [17] was a representation of an animal's body, such as a cow, bull, calf, donkey, or stag.
The earliest reference to the word "lyre" is the Mycenaean Greek ru-ra-ta-e, meaning "lyrists" and written in the Linear B script. [5] In classical Greek, the word "lyre" could either refer specifically to an amateur instrument, which is a smaller version of the professional cithara and eastern-Aegean barbiton, or "lyre" can refer generally to all three instruments as a family. [6]
They discovered pieces of three lyres and one harp in Ur, located in what was Ancient Mesopotamia, modern day Iraq. [3] [4] They are over 4,500 years old, [5] from ancient Mesopotamia during the Early Dynastic III Period (2550–2450 BC). [6] The decorations on the lyres are fine examples of the court art of Mesopotamia of the period. [7]
The Lyre of Mesopotamia is a video art made by Sam Chegini about the reconstruction steps of the Lyres of Ur. The Lyre of Mesopotamia was unveiled in December 2009 during an international congress held by UN-Habitat and IAARA in Qazvin , Iran , among other ancient instruments.
The lyre (Hittite: zinar; Summerogram: GIŠ.d INANNA 'Ishtar-Instrument' after the Mesopotamian goddess Ishtar) is the best attested musical instrument. The textual and archaeological evidence distinguishes between small and large lyres. The two kinds of lyre could be played one after the other, but probably never at the same time.
Scorpion-men appear in the visual arts of Mesopotamia and ancient Iran before we know them from literature. Among the earliest representations of scorpion-men are an example from Jiroft in Iran, [5] as well as a depiction on the Bull Lyre [6] from the Early Dynastic Period city of Ur. Drawing of an Assyrian intaglio depicting scorpion men.