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In wireless communication, "the local-mean power expressed in logarithmic values, such as dB or neper, has a normal (i.e., Gaussian) distribution." [90] Also, the random obstruction of radio signals due to large buildings and hills, called shadowing, is often modeled as a log-normal distribution.
(The conversion to log form is expensive, but is only incurred once.) Multiplication arises from calculating the probability that multiple independent events occur: the probability that all independent events of interest occur is the product of all these events' probabilities. Accuracy.
It is much easier than to convert logs to their natural values, to add them and again to convert them to logs. Moreover, Gaussian logs yield greater accuracy of result than the traditional computing method and help 5-digit log values to be sufficiently accurate for this method. […] The use of "Gaussians" by Bruce is original in the field of ...
In probability and statistics, the logarithmic distribution (also known as the logarithmic series distribution or the log-series distribution) is a discrete probability distribution derived from the Maclaurin series expansion
The natural logarithm of e itself, ln e, is 1, because e 1 = e, while the natural logarithm of 1 is 0, since e 0 = 1. The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a [4] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1). The simplicity of this definition, which is matched in many ...
Of great interest in number theory is the growth rate of the prime-counting function. [3] [4] It was conjectured in the end of the 18th century by Gauss and by Legendre to be approximately where log is the natural logarithm, in the sense that / =
The product of two Gaussian probability density functions (PDFs), though, is not in general a Gaussian PDF. Taking the Fourier transform (unitary, angular-frequency convention) of a Gaussian function with parameters a = 1 , b = 0 and c yields another Gaussian function, with parameters c {\displaystyle c} , b = 0 and 1 / c {\displaystyle 1/c ...
ln(r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r. Arg(z) is the principal value of the arg function; its value is restricted to (−π, π]. It can be computed using Arg(x + iy) = atan2(y, x). Log(z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (−π, π].