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Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns. [ 2 ] [ 11 ] They appear red without blisters, and pain typically lasts around three days. [ 2 ] [ 11 ] When the injury extends into some of the underlying skin layer, it is a partial-thickness or second-degree burn . [ 2 ]
In addition to determining burn severity, the measurement of burn surface area is important for estimating patients' fluid requirements and determining hospital admission criteria. [1] Burn severity is determined through, among other things, the size of the skin affected. The image shows the makeup of different body parts, to help assess burn size.
Chemical burns may occur through direct contact on body surfaces, including skin and eyes, via inhalation, and/or by ingestion. Substances that diffuse efficiently in human tissue, e.g., hydrofluoric acid , sulfur mustard , and dimethyl sulfate , may not react immediately, but instead produce the burns and inflammation hours after the contact.
A wound is any disruption of or damage to living tissue, such as skin, mucous membranes, or organs. [1] [2] Wounds can either be the sudden result of direct trauma (mechanical, thermal, chemical), or can develop slowly over time due to underlying disease processes such as diabetes mellitus, venous/arterial insufficiency, or immunologic disease. [3]
Historically, frostbite has been classified by degrees according to skin and sensation changes, similar to burn classifications. However, the degrees do not correspond to the amount of long term damage. [10] A simplification of this system of classification is superficial (first or second degree) or deep injury (third or fourth degree). [11]
Radiation dermatitis (also known as radiodermatitis) is a skin disease associated with prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation. [3]: 131–2 Radiation dermatitis occurs to some degree in most patients receiving radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy.
A partial thickness burn has damaged the epidermis and underlying dermis, and is red, painful and often blisters. A full thickness burn has damaged the epidermis and the entire dermis, nerves and skin appendages. These burns are often described as painless as the nerve endings have been burned so they can no longer transmit pain along their axon.
A thermal burn is a type of burn resulting from making contact with heated objects, such as boiling water, steam, hot cooking oil, fire, and hot objects. Scalds are the most common type of thermal burn suffered by children, but for adults thermal burns are most commonly caused by fire. [ 2 ]