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Hydraulic fracturing [a] is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of formations in bedrock by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum ...
Environmental Protection Agency illustration of the water cycle of hydraulic fracturing. Fracking in the United States began in 1949. [1] According to the Department of Energy (DOE), by 2013 at least two million oil and gas wells in the US had been hydraulically fractured, and that of new wells being drilled, up to 95% are hydraulically fractured.
A 2013 review focusing on Marcellus shale gas hydraulic fracturing and the New York City water supply stated, "Although potential benefits of Marcellus natural gas exploitation are large for transition to a clean energy economy, at present the regulatory framework in New York State is inadequate to prevent potentially irreversible threats to ...
"Hydraulic fracturing is a well-stimulation technique used commonly in low-permeability rocks like tight sandstone, shale, and some coal beds to increase oil and/or gas flow to a well from ...
Donald Trump's energy agenda targets fracking expansion, faster permits and US dominance, sparking debate over economic gains and environmental risks.
Hydraulic fracturing is highly controversial. [16] Its proponents highlight the economic benefits of more extensively accessible hydrocarbons (such as petroleum and natural gas), [17] [18] the benefits of replacing coal with natural gas, which burns more cleanly and emits less carbon dioxide (CO 2), [19] [20] and the benefits of energy ...
But in past interviews, Phillips has said using carbon dioxide rather than water for fracking could have environmental benefits. Hydraulic fracturing involves pumping huge volumes of water, sand ...
The agency stated that it did not consider hydraulic fracturing to be an endangerment to underground drinking water sources. [22] The policy was overturned in 1997 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, which ruled that "hydraulic fracturing activities constitute underground injection according to Section C of the SDWA ...