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A graph showing variation of quantum efficiency with wavelength of a CCD chip from Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2, formerly installed on the Hubble Space Telescope.. The term quantum efficiency (QE) may apply to incident photon to converted electron (IPCE) ratio [1] of a photosensitive device, or it may refer to the TMR effect of a magnetic tunnel junction.
The DQE is the ratio of what an image is worth to what it cost in terms of numbers of Poisson-distributed quanta: D Q E = N E Q q {\displaystyle \mathrm {DQE} ={\frac {\mathrm {NEQ} }{q}}} . In this sense the DQE describes how effectively an imaging system captures the information content available in an x-ray image relative to an ideal detector.
To calculate the probability of any interactive process between electrons and photons, it is a matter of first noting, with Feynman diagrams, all the possible ways in which the process can be constructed from the three basic elements. Each diagram involves some calculation involving definite rules to find the associated probability amplitude.
Quantum ESPRESSO (Quantum Open-Source Package for Research in Electronic Structure, Simulation, and Optimization; QE) [2] [3] is a suite for first-principles electronic-structure calculations and materials modeling, distributed for free and as free software under the GNU General Public License.
One of the simplest methods for finding reactivity ratios is plotting the copolymer equation and using nonlinear least squares analysis to find the , pair that gives the best fit curve. This is preferred as methods such as Kelen-Tüdős or Fineman-Ross (see below) that involve linearization of the Mayo–Lewis equation will introduce bias to ...
One relatively quick way to do this is to calculate your net-worth-to-total-assets ratio. You can calculate this ratio by adding up the value of your investments (not including your home equity ...
Bader's analysis partitions the charge density in a molecule to "atoms" according to zero-flux surfaces (surfaces across which no electron flow is taking place). [6] Bader's analysis allows many properties such as multipole moments, energies and forces, to be partitioned in a defensible and consistent manner to individual atoms within molecules.
The bond valence method or mean method (or bond valence sum) (not to be mistaken for the valence bond theory in quantum chemistry) is a popular method in coordination chemistry to estimate the oxidation states of atoms. It is derived from the bond valence model, which is a simple yet robust model for validating chemical structures with ...