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2. Solvent vapour annealing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_vapour_annealing

   Solvent vapor annealing (SVA) is a widely used technique for controlling the morphology and ordering of block copolymer (BCP) films. [1] [2] [3] By controlling the block ratio (f = NA/N), spheres, cylinders, gyroids, and lamellae structures can be generated by forming a swollen and mobile layer of thin-film from added solvent vapor to facilitate the self-assembly of the polymer blocks. [4]

3. Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium...

   A copper indium gallium selenide solar cell (or CIGS cell, sometimes CI(G)S or CIS cell) is a thin-film solar cell used to convert sunlight into electric power. It is manufactured by depositing a thin layer of copper indium gallium selenide solid solution on glass or plastic backing, along with electrodes on the front and back to collect current.

4. Helmholtz Institute Ulm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_Institute_Ulm

   Being part of the Helmholtz Association, it was jointly founded by Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), University of Ulm, and two more associated partners, the DLR German Aerospace Center, Stuttgart, which is also member of the Helmholtz Association, and the Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Ulm.

5. Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes_in...

   Under illumination, SWNT diodes show significant power conversion efficiencies owing to enhanced properties of an ideal diode. Recently, SWNTs were directly configured as energy conversion materials to fabricate thin-film solar cells, with nanotubes serving as both photogeneration sites and a charge carriers collecting/transport layer.

6. Sol–gel process - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol–gel_process

   Schematic representation of the different stages and routes of the sol–gel technology. In this chemical procedure, a "sol" (a colloidal solution) is formed that then gradually evolves towards the formation of a gel-like diphasic system containing both a liquid phase and solid phase whose morphologies range from discrete particles to continuous polymer networks.

7. Third-generation photovoltaic cell - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation...

   Numerical analysis shows that the "perfect" single-layer solar cell should have a bandgap of 1.13 eV, almost exactly that of silicon. Such a cell can have a maximum theoretical power conversion efficiency of 33.7% – the solar power below red (in the infrared) is lost, and the extra energy of the higher colors is also lost. For a two layer ...