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Seismic reflection data. Reflection seismology (or seismic reflection) is a method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves.
In geophysics and reflection seismology, the Zoeppritz equations are a set of equations that describe the partitioning of seismic wave energy at an interface, due to mode conversion. They are named after their author, the German geophysicist Karl Bernhard Zoeppritz , who died before they were published in 1919.
Seismic waves travelling at a critical angle (blue line) will be refracted critically with an angle of refraction equal to 90°. An illustration of seismic reflection and refraction. Seismic refraction usually requires a wide incident angle so that the refracted seismic wave can travel critically (angle of refraction equals 90°).
Mode conversion occurs when a wave encounters an interface between materials of different impedances and the incident angle is not normal to the interface. [1] Thus, for example, if a longitudinal wave from a fluid (e.g., water or air) strikes a solid (e.g., steel plate), it is usually refracted and reflected as a function of the angle of incidence, but if some of the energy causes particle ...
S-wave refraction evaluates the shear wave generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by horizontally striking an object on the ground surface to induce the shear wave. Since the shear wave is the second fastest wave, it is sometimes referred to as the secondary wave. When compared to the ...
P wave and S wave from seismograph Velocity of seismic waves in Earth versus depth. [1] The negligible S-wave velocity in the outer core occurs because it is liquid, while in the solid inner core the S-wave velocity is non-zero. A seismic wave is a mechanical wave of acoustic energy that travels through the Earth or another planetary body.
Seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction is a technique used in geophysical investigations of Earth's crust and upper mantle.It allows the development of a detailed model of seismic velocities beneath Earth's surface well beyond the reach of exploration boreholes.
This is known as a Common Midpoint Gather [8] (a midpoint being the area of the subsurface that a seismic wave reflects off before returning to the receiver) and in a typical seismic reflection processing workflow, the average amplitude would be calculated along the time sample, in a process known as "stacking". This process significantly ...