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The amplitude of the reflected wave is predicted by multiplying the amplitude of the incident wave by the seismic reflection coefficient, determined by the impedance contrast between the two materials. [4] For a wave that hits a boundary at normal incidence (head-on), the expression for the reflection coefficient is simply
Several attempts have been made to develop approximations to the Zoeppritz equations, such as Bortfeld's (1961) and Aki & Richards’ (1980), [4] but the most successful of these is the Shuey's, which assumes Poisson's ratio to be the elastic property most directly related to the angular dependence of the reflection coefficient.
In telecommunications and transmission line theory, the reflection coefficient is the ratio of the complex amplitude of the reflected wave to that of the incident wave. The voltage and current at any point along a transmission line can always be resolved into forward and reflected traveling waves given a specified reference impedance Z 0.
After the seismic wavelet is estimated, it is used to estimate seismic reflection coefficients in the seismic inversion. When the estimated (constant) phase of the statistical wavelet is consistent with the final result, the wavelet estimation converges more quickly than when starting with a zero phase assumption. Minor edits and "stretch and ...
Modern seismic reflection surveys are designed and acquired in such a way that the same point on the subsurface is sampled multiple times, with each sample having a different source and receiver location. The seismic data is then carefully processed to preserve seismic amplitudes and accurately determine the spatial coordinates of each sample.
The diagram above shows the acoustic impedance relationship that results in a bright spot. In reflection seismology, a bright spot is a local high amplitude seismic attribute anomaly that can indicate the presence of hydrocarbons and is therefore known as a direct hydrocarbon indicator.
By analyzing the original and converted waves, seismologists obtain additional subsurface information, especially due to (1) differential velocity (V P /V S), (2) asymmetry in the waves' angles of incidence and reflection and (3) amplitude variations. [2] As opposed to analysis of P-wave to P-wave (P-P) reflection, c-wave (P-S) analysis is more ...
In reflection seismology, the anelastic attenuation factor, often expressed as seismic quality factor or Q (which is inversely proportional to attenuation factor), quantifies the effects of anelastic attenuation on the seismic wavelet caused by fluid movement and grain boundary friction.