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Zwolinski and Wilhoit defined, in 1972, "gross" and "net" values for heats of combustion. In the gross definition the products are the most stable compounds, e.g. H 2 O (l), Br 2 (l), I 2 (s) and H 2 SO 4 (l). In the net definition the products are the gases produced when the compound is burned in an open flame, e.g. H 2 O (g), Br 2 (g), I 2 (g ...
A substance is characterized by a burn rate vs. pressure chart and burn rate vs temperature chart. Higher burn rate than the speed of sound in the material (usually several km/s): "detonation" A few meters per second: "deflagration" A few centimeters per second: "burn" or "smolder" 0.01 mm/s to 100 mm/s: "decomposing rapidly" to characterise it.
A water bath is used for temperatures up to 100 °C. An oil bath is employed for temperatures over up to and above 100 °C. The heated bath is heated on an electric hot plate, or with a Bunsen burner. The reaction vessel (Florence flask, Erlenmeyer flask, or beaker) is immersed in the heated bath.
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To keep batter or skin crispy when you're cooking up fish in batches, try this technique: Heat your oven to 200 degrees Fahrenheit. When fish is thoroughly cooked and ready to keep warm, transfer ...
However, it is necessary to keep warm water at a temperature of 55–60 °C (131–140 °F) to inhibit the growth of legionella bacteria. The American Burn Association states that a scalding injury occurs when skin is placed in contact with water measuring 155 degrees Fahrenheit, or 68 degrees Celsius, for one second.
Sous vide cooking using thermal immersion circulator machines. Sous vide (/ s uː ˈ v iː d /; French for 'under vacuum' [1]), also known as low-temperature, long-time (LTLT) cooking, [2] [3] [4] is a method of cooking invented by the French chef Georges Pralus in 1974, [5] [6] in which food is placed in a plastic pouch or a glass jar and cooked in a water bath for longer than usual cooking ...
A number of medications and water treatments are used in this way. Salt is the most effective bath treatment, and is used to eliminate ciliated protozoan parasites (including ich in small fish); also used to curb the absorption of nitrite , and to reduce the osmotic pressure exerted by fresh-water on any hole in the skin or gill .