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Supernova nucleosynthesis is the nucleosynthesis of chemical elements in supernova explosions.. In sufficiently massive stars, the nucleosynthesis by fusion of lighter elements into heavier ones occurs during sequential hydrostatic burning processes called helium burning, carbon burning, oxygen burning, and silicon burning, in which the byproducts of one nuclear fuel become, after ...
Iron group elements originate mostly from the nuclear-statistical equilibrium process in thermonuclear supernova explosions. Elements beyond iron are made in high-mass stars with slow neutron capture , and by rapid neutron capture in the r-process, with origins being debated among rare supernova variants and compact-star collisions. Note that ...
A lead atom has 82 electrons, arranged in an electron configuration of 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 2. The sum of lead's first and second ionization energies—the total energy required to remove the two 6p electrons—is close to that of tin, lead's upper neighbor in the carbon group.
That theory was begun by Fred Hoyle in 1946 with his argument that a collection of very hot nuclei would assemble thermodynamically into iron. [1] Hoyle followed that in 1954 with a paper describing how advanced fusion stages within massive stars would synthesize the elements from carbon to iron in mass. [2] [13]
The s-process is believed to occur mostly in asymptotic giant branch stars, seeded by iron nuclei left by a supernova during a previous generation of stars. In contrast to the r-process which is believed to occur over time scales of seconds in explosive environments, the s-process is believed to occur over time scales of thousands of years, passing decades between neutron captures.
When the iron core of a super massive star becomes heavier than electron degeneracy pressure can support, the core of the star collapses, and the iron core is compressed by gravity until nuclear densities are reached when a strong rebound sends a shock wave throughout the rest of the star and tears it apart in a large supernova explosion.
The James Webb Space Telescope captured photos of one of the earliest supernovas ever seen using infrared technology, and creating a time lapse of the phenomena.
The elements heavier than iron with origins in supernovae are typically those produced by the r-process, which is powered by supernova neutron bursts Either interpretation, though generally supported by supernova experts, has yet to achieve a totally satisfactory calculation of r -process abundances because the overall problem is numerically ...