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Personal data, also known as personal information or personally identifiable information (PII), [1] [2] [3] is any information related to an identifiable person. The abbreviation PII is widely used in the United States , but the phrase it abbreviates has four common variants based on personal or personally , and identifiable or identifying .
Researchers remove individually identifiable PHI from a dataset to preserve privacy for research participants. There are many forms of PHI, with the most common being physical storage in the form of paper-based personal health records (PHR). Other types of PHI include electronic health records, wearable technology, and mobile applications.
Personal Identifiers (PID) are a subset of personally identifiable information (PII) data elements, which identify an individual and can permit another person to "assume" that individual's identity without their knowledge or consent. [1] PIIs include direct identifiers (name, social security number) and indirect identifiers (race, ethnicity ...
The gathering of personally identifiable information (PII) refers to the collection of public and private personal data that can be used to identify individuals for various purposes, both legal and illegal. PII gathering is often seen as a privacy threat by data owners, while entities such as technology companies, governments, and organizations ...
The de-identification process involves masking, generalizing or deleting both direct and indirect identifiers; the definition of this process is not universal. Information in the public domain , even seemingly anonymized, may thus be re-identified in combination with other pieces of available data and basic computer science techniques.
PHI (Protected Health Information) can be present in various data and each format need specific techniques and tools for de-identify it: For Text de-identification is using rule based and NLP (Natural language processing) approaches.
Euler's totient function is a multiplicative function, meaning that if two numbers m and n are relatively prime, then φ(mn) = φ(m)φ(n). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] This function gives the order of the multiplicative group of integers modulo n (the group of units of the ring Z / n Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /n\mathbb {Z} } ). [ 6 ]
An order that PII applies would usually be sought by the British government to protect official secrets, and so can be perceived as a gagging order.Where a minister believes that PII applies, he signs a PII certificate, which then allows the court to make the final decision on whether the balance of public interest was in favour of disclosure or not.