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Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution. It can be defined as any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene .
Rifampicin, also known as rifampin, is an ansamycin antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium avium complex, leprosy, and Legionnaires' disease. [3]
If a gene duplication is preserved, the most likely fate is that random mutations in one duplicate gene copy will eventually cause the gene to become non-functional . [3] Such non-functional remnants of genes, with detectable sequence homology, can sometimes still be found in genomes and are called pseudogenes.
A gene family is a set of several similar genes, formed by duplication of a single original gene, and generally with similar biochemical functions. One such family are the genes for human hemoglobin subunits; the ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the α-globin and β-globin loci.
Gene redundancy most often results from Gene duplication. [9] Three of the more common mechanisms of gene duplication are retroposition, unequal crossing over, and non-homologous segmental duplication. Retroposition is when the mRNA transcript of a gene is reverse transcribed back into DNA and inserted into the genome at a different location.
It is called the Gene Duplication problem or more generally Gene Tree parsimony. The problem was seen as a way to detect paralogy to get better species tree reconstruction. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] It is NP-hard, with interesting results on the problem complexity [ 91 ] [ 110 ] and the behaviour of the model with different input size, structure and ILS ...
The 2R hypothesis saw a resurgence of interest in the 1990s for two reasons. First, gene mapping data in humans and mice revealed extensive paralogy regions - sets of genes on one chromosome related to sets of genes on another chromosome in the same species, indicative of duplication events in evolution. [9]
Rifampin rapidly kills fast-dividing bacilli strains as well as "persisters" cells, which remain biologically inactive for long periods of time that allow them to evade antibiotic activity. [7] In addition, rifabutin and rifapentine have both been used against tuberculosis acquired in HIV-positive patients.