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A sound with a loudness of 1 sone is judged equally loud as a 1 kHz tone with a sound pressure level of 40 decibels above 20 micropascals. [1] The phon is psychophysically matched to a reference frequency of 1 kHz. [2] In other words, the phon matches the sound pressure level in decibels of a similarly perceived 1 kHz pure tone. [3]
A graph of the A-, B-, C- and D-weightings across the frequency range 10 Hz – 20 kHz Video illustrating A-weighting by analyzing a sine sweep (contains audio). A-weighting is a form of frequency weighting and the most commonly used of a family of curves defined in the International standard IEC 61672:2003 and various national standards relating to the measurement of sound pressure level. [1]
According to Stevens' definition, a loudness of 1 sone is equivalent to 40 phons (a 1 kHz tone at 40 dB SPL). [1] The phons scale aligns with dB, not with loudness, so the sone and phon scales are not proportional. Rather, the loudness in sones is, at least very nearly, a power law function of the signal intensity, with an exponent of 0.3.
In other media, such as underwater, a reference level of 1 μPa is used. [9] These references are defined in ANSI S1.1-2013. [10] The main instrument for measuring sound levels in the environment is the sound level meter. Most sound level meters provide readings in A, C, and Z-weighted decibels and must meet international standards such as IEC ...
Sound exposure level (SEL) is a logarithmic measure of the sound exposure of a sound relative to a reference value. Sound exposure level, denoted L E and measured in dB , is defined by [ 1 ]
An equal-loudness contour is a measure of sound pressure level, over the frequency spectrum, for which a listener perceives a constant loudness when presented with pure steady tones. [1] The unit of measurement for loudness levels is the phon and is arrived at by reference to equal-loudness contours. By definition, two sine waves of differing ...
[a] A more precise model known as the Inflected Exponential function, [3] indicates that loudness increases with a higher exponent at low and high levels and with a lower exponent at moderate levels. [4] The sensitivity of the human ear changes as a function of frequency, as shown in the equal-loudness graph. Each line on this graph shows the ...
Though the noise level of 16-bit audio systems (such as CD players) is commonly quoted (on the basis of calculations that take no account of subjective effect) as −96 dB relative to FS (full scale), the best 468-weighted results are in the region of −68 dB relative to Alignment Level (commonly defined as 18 dB below FS) i.e. −86 dB ...