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The carrier-envelope phase (CEP) or carrier-envelope offset (CEO) phase is an important feature of an ultrashort laser pulse and gains significance with decreasing pulse duration, in a regime where the pulse consists of a few wavelengths. Physical effects depending on the carrier-envelope phase fall into the category of highly nonlinear optics.
[1] [5] The phasor representation of sinusoidal voltages and currents is generalized to arbitrary waveforms. [2] This mathematical transformation eliminates the 60 Hertz (Hz) carrier which is the only time-varying element in the stationary case. [3] The longer usage of time-varying phasors in large power systems since 1920s have created many ...
Each symbol is encoded as a different phase shift of the carrier sine wave: 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315°. A constellation diagram is a representation of a signal modulated by a digital modulation scheme such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying . [ 1 ]
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Phasor notation (also known as angle notation) is a mathematical notation used in electronics engineering and electrical engineering.A vector whose polar coordinates are magnitude and angle is written . [13] can represent either the vector (, ) or the complex number + =, according to Euler's formula with =, both of which have magnitudes of 1.
A new version of the standard was released in December 2011, which split the IEEE C37.118-2005 standard into two parts: C37.118-1 dealing with the phasor estimation & C37.118-2 the communications protocol. It also introduced two classifications of PMU, M — measurement & P — protection.
Bluetooth 1 modulates with Gaussian minimum-shift keying, a binary scheme, so either modulation choice in version 2 will yield a higher data rate. A similar technology, IEEE 802.15.4 (the wireless standard used by Zigbee ) also relies on PSK using two frequency bands: 868 MHz and 915 MHz with BPSK and at 2.4 GHz with OQPSK.
Foster-Seeley (or "phase") discriminator schematic. The Foster–Seeley discriminator [1] [2] is a common type of FM detector circuit, invented in 1936 by Dudley E. Foster [3] and Stuart William Seeley. The Foster–Seeley discriminator was envisioned for automatic frequency control of receivers, but also found application in demodulating an FM ...