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By about week 21, the fetus begins to develop a regular schedule of movement. [17] The startle reflex is present in half of all fetuses by week 24 and in all fetuses by week 28. [ 19 ] Movement is restricted around this time because the fetus has grown so large it has little space for kicking or changing body position.
Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows signs of inadequate oxygenation. [1] Due to its imprecision, the term "fetal distress" has fallen out of use in American obstetrics. [2] [1] [3] The term "non-reassuring fetal status" has largely replaced it. [4]
Complications for the baby can include fetal distress, low birthweight, preterm delivery, and stillbirth. [2] [3] The cause of placental abruption is not entirely clear. [2] Risk factors include smoking, pre-eclampsia, prior abruption (most important and predictive risk factor), trauma during pregnancy, cocaine use, and previous cesarean section.
Quickening indicates the start of fetal movements, usually felt 14–26 weeks after conception, or between the fourth and sixth month. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] A woman pregnant for the first time (i.e., a primigravida woman) typically feels fetal movements at about 20–21 weeks, whereas a woman who has given birth at least once will typically feel ...
US: Fetal breathing movements At least one episode of > 30s or >20s [3] in 30 minutes None or less than 30s or 20s [3] US: Fetal activity / gross body movements At least three discrete body/limb movement in 30 minutes (episodes of active continuous movement considered a single movement. Less than three or two [3] movements US: Fetal muscle tone
Intrauterine hypoxia (also known as fetal hypoxia) occurs when the fetus is deprived of an adequate supply of oxygen. It may be due to a variety of reasons such as prolapse or occlusion of the umbilical cord , placental infarction , maternal diabetes (prepregnancy or gestational diabetes ) [ 1 ] and maternal smoking .
The volume of amniotic fluid typically increases until 36 weeks and starts decreasing after 40 weeks in post-term gestations. [4] For this reason, discrepancies between fundal height measurements and gestational age can be a clinical indication of amniotic fluid abnormality and should be evaluated by ultrasound.
Fetal behavior is consistent and a change in the fetus' movements or sleep-wake cycles can indicate fetal distress. [30] A decrease or cessation in sensations of fetal activity may be an indication of fetal distress or death, [31] [32] Still, medical examination, including a nonstress test, is recommended in the event of any type of any change ...