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2. Polyol pathway - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyol_pathway

   The polyol metabolic pathway. [6]Cells use glucose for energy.This normally occurs by phosphorylation from the enzyme hexokinase. However, if large amounts of glucose are present (as in diabetes mellitus), hexokinase becomes saturated and the excess glucose enters the polyol pathway when aldose reductase reduces it to sorbitol.

3. Glycolysis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

   d -Glucose + 2 [NAD] + + 2 [ADP] + 2 [P] i 2 × Pyruvate 2 × + 2 [NADH] + 2 H + + 2 [ATP] + 2 H 2 O Glycolysis pathway overview The use of symbols in this equation makes it appear unbalanced with respect to oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and charges. Atom balance is maintained by the two phosphate (P i) groups: Each exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion, dissociating to contribute ...

4. Insulin signal transduction pathway - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_signal...

   Finally, the cell will increase the rate of glycolysis within itself to break glucose in the cell into other components for tissue growth purposes. An example of positive feedback mechanism in the insulin transduction pathway is the activation of some enzymes that inhibit other enzymes from slowing or stopping the insulin transduction pathway ...

5. Glucokinase - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucokinase

   Mutations of the gene for this enzyme can cause unusual forms of diabetes or hypoglycemia. Glucokinase (GK) is a hexokinase isozyme, related homologously to at least three other hexokinases. [4] All of the hexokinases can mediate phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), which is the first step of both glycogen synthesis and ...

6. Blood sugar regulation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar_regulation

   If the blood glucose level falls to dangerously low levels (as during very heavy exercise or lack of food for extended periods), the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon, a peptide hormone which travels through the blood to the liver, where it binds to glucagon receptors on the surface of liver cells and stimulates them to break down glycogen stored inside the cells into glucose (this ...

7. Glucose uptake - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_uptake

   Glucose transporters are classified into three groups based on sequence similarity, with a total of 14 members.All GLUT proteins share a common structure: 12 transmembrane segments, a single N-linked glycosylation site, a large central cytoplasmic linker, and both N- and C-termini located in the cytoplasm. [4]