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These antibodies can cause antibody-mediated rejection and are therefore considered a contraindication against transplantation in most cases. [1] DSA are a result of B cell and plasma cell activation and bind to HLA and/or non-HLA molecules on the endothelium [1] of the graft.
DSAs are strongly associated with the rejection of donor tissues in the recipient, and their presence is considered an indicator of antibody-mediated rejection. [5] When donor and recipient HLA are matched, donor tissues are significantly more likely to be accepted by the recipient's immune system. [3]
Cellular immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity, is an immune response that does not rely on the production of antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes , antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes , and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen .
Transplant glomerulopathy is considered a form of chronic antibody-mediated rejection. PAS stain. Chronic rejection is an insidious form of rejection that leads to graft destruction over the course of months, but most often years after tissue transplantation. [12]
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), also referred to as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is a mechanism of cell-mediated immune defense whereby an effector cell of the immune system kills a target cell, whose membrane-surface antigens have been bound by specific antibodies. [1]
Humoral immunity is also referred to as antibody-mediated immunity. The study of the molecular and cellular components that form the immune system , including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology .
Unlike the other types, it is not humoral (not antibody-mediated) but rather is a type of cell-mediated response. This response involves the interaction of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages. This reaction is caused when CD4 + T h 1 cells recognize foreign antigen in a complex with the MHC class II on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
In antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, the pathogen does not need to be internalised to be destroyed. ADCC requires an effector cell with the ability to eliminate pathogens through release of cytotoxic agents, most notably natural killer cells. However, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils are sometimes implicated. [6]