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In mid to high income countries, a stroke is the main reason for disability among people and the 2nd cause of death. [2] It is caused by disrupted blood supply and restricted oxygen supply . This is most commonly due to a thrombotic occlusion, or an embolic occlusion of major vessels which leads to a cerebral infarct .
A stroke is the rapid decline of brain function due to a disturbance in the supply of blood to the brain. [13] This can be due to ischemia, thrombus, embolus (a lodged particle) or hemorrhage (a bleed). [13] In thrombotic stroke, a thrombus (blood clot) usually forms around atherosclerotic plaques. Since blockage of the artery is gradual, the ...
Illustration of an embolic stroke, showing a blockage lodged in a blood vessel. In thrombotic stroke, a thrombus [47] (blood clot) usually forms around atherosclerotic plaques. Since blockage of the artery is gradual, onset of symptomatic thrombotic stroke is slower than that of hemorrhagic stroke.
The broad term, "stroke" can be divided into three categories: brain ischemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain ischemia can be further subdivided, by cause, into thrombotic, embolic, and hypoperfusion. [3] Thrombotic and embolic are generally focal or multifocal in nature while hypoperfusion affects the brain globally.
Ischemic stroke is a thrombotic, or rarely, thromboembolic or atherosclerotic complication of arteries supplying the brain. [9] Occlusion of brain arteries leads to rapid ischemic death of neurons, both at the infarct core and ischemic penumbra. [10] [37] Similar to cardiomyocytes, neurons require constant perfusion for proper function.
Anticoagulants are drugs used to prevent the formation of blood clots, reducing the risk of stroke, heart attack and pulmonary embolism. Heparin and warfarin are used to inhibit the formation and growth of existing thrombi, with the former used for acute anticoagulation while the latter is used for long-term anticoagulation. [8]
[4] [6] VTE can also cause long-term complications, such as recurrent VTE, post-PE syndrome, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). The mainstay of VTE management is anticoagulation therapy, which prevents thrombus propagation and embolization. Such treatment reduces the risk of recurrence.
An embolism can cause partial or total blockage of blood flow in the affected vessel. [2] Such a blockage (vascular occlusion) may affect a part of the body distant from the origin of the embolus. An embolism in which the embolus is a piece of thrombus is called a thromboembolism. An embolism is usually a pathological event, caused by illness ...