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On 26 November 2018, The CRISPR Journal published ahead of print an article by He, Ryan Ferrell, Chen Yuanlin, Qin Jinzhou, and Chen Yangran in which the authors justified the ethical use of CRISPR gene editing in humans. [74] As the news of CRISPR babies broke out, the editors reexamined the paper and retracted it on 28 December, announcing:
Immunogenicity, off-target effects, mutations, delivery systems, and ethical issues are the main challenges that CRISPR technology faces. The safety concerns, ethical considerations, and the potential for misuse underscore the need for careful and responsible exploration of these technologies. [ 50 ]
Such debate ranges from the ethical obligation to use safe and efficient technology to prevent disease to seeing some actual benefit in genetic disabilities. There are concerns that the introduction of desirable traits in a certain part of the population (instead of the entire population) could cause economic inequalities (“positional” good ...
In addition to CRISPR research, the IGI works to advance public understanding of CRISPR and genome engineering and guide the ethical use of these technologies. Free public resources include: CRISPRpedia — a free textbook-style resource for learning about the biology, applications, and ethics of CRISPR and genome editing, with chapters edited ...
The major hurdles coming in the clinical applications are ethical issues and the transport system to the target site. As the units of CRISPR system taken from bacteria, when they are transferred to host cells it produces an immune response against them. Physical, chemical, viral vectors are used as vehicles to deliver the complex into the host.
One way in which CRISPR editing can cause existential risk is through gene drives, which are said to have potential to "revolutionize" ecosystem management. [31] Gene drives are a novel technology that have potential to make genes spread through wild populations extremely quickly.
Off-target genome editing refers to nonspecific and unintended genetic modifications that can arise through the use of engineered nuclease technologies such as: clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats ()-Cas9, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (), meganucleases, and zinc finger nucleases (ZFN). [1]
Targeted gene knockout using CRISPR/Cas9 requires the use of a delivery system to introduce the sgRNA and Cas9 into the cell. Although a number of different delivery systems are potentially available for CRISPR, [37] [38] genome-wide loss-of-function screens are predominantly carried out using third generation lentiviral vectors.