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Contemporary news coverage which emphasizes black bloc demonstrations has reinforced anarchism's historical association with chaos and violence; however, its publicity has also led more scholars to engage with the anarchist movement, although contemporary anarchism favours actions over academic theory. [3] [15]
Although traces of anarchist ideas are found all throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the Enlightenment. During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in workers' struggles for emancipation.
During the Middle Ages, some religious sects espoused libertarian thought, and the Age of Enlightenment, and the attendant rise of rationalism and science, signalled the birth of the modern anarchist movement. Alongside Marxism, modern anarchism was a significant part of the workers' movement at the end of the 19th century. Modernism ...
Anarcho-pacifism is a tendency within the anarchist movement which rejects the use of violence in the struggle for social change. [15] [82] The main early influences were the thought of Henry David Thoreau [15] and Leo Tolstoy while later the ideas of Mohandas Gandhi gained importance.
Anarchist communism [a] is a far-left political ideology and anarchist school of thought that advocates communism.It calls for the abolition of private property but retention of personal property and collectively-owned items, goods, and services.
Bakunin was the leading anarchist revolutionary of the 19th century, active from the 1840s through the 1870s. [7] His foundational anarchist writings helped the movement stand in contrast to capitalism and Marxism and became more popular after his death, with some of his highest regarded works published posthumously and in new editions.
Anarchism in Russia developed out of the populist and nihilist movements' dissatisfaction with the government reforms of the time. The first Russian to identify himself as an anarchist was the revolutionary socialist Mikhail Bakunin, who became a founding figure of the modern anarchist movement within the International Workingmen's Association (IWA
The Principles of Anarchism (c. 1890s) by Lucy Parsons; The Soul of Man under Socialism (1891) by Oscar Wilde; The Conquest of Bread (1892) by Peter Kropotkin; Anarchy Defended by Anarchists (1896) by Emma Goldman and Johann Most (1914–1984) Anarchism: From Theory to Practice (1965) by Daniel Guérin (1985–present) Listen, Anarchist! (1987 ...