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Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
Reading different types of texts requires the use of different reading strategies and approaches. Making reading an active, observable process can be very beneficial to struggling readers. A good reader interacts with the text in order to develop an understanding of the information before them.
The Reading Lesson, an oil painting by Leon Augustin Lhermitte (1844-1925) Professor John Downing, an educational psychologist, proposed the cognitive clarity theory of learning to read in a paper which he presented to the annual meeting of the United Kingdom Literacy Association between the 23rd and 28th of July, 1971.
As a result, the brain adapts to the challenge of reading. The process of reading involves most of the brain, especially an interconnection between visual areas and language areas; but also neural systems related to action, emotion, decision-making, and memory. [2] [3] The science of reading (SOR) is the discipline that studies reading. [4]
The dual-route theory of reading aloud was first described in the early 1970s. [1] This theory suggests that two separate mental mechanisms, or cognitive routes, are involved in reading aloud, with output of both mechanisms contributing to the pronunciation of a written stimulus.
There is a comparatively small body of research on the neurology of reading and writing. [207] Most of the studies performed deal with reading rather than writing or spelling, and the majority of both kinds focus solely on the English language. [208] English orthography is less transparent than that of other languages using a Latin script. [207]
Subvocalization, or silent speech, is the internal speech typically made when reading; it provides the sound of the word as it is read. [1] [2] This is a natural process when reading, and it helps the mind to access meanings to comprehend and remember what is read, potentially reducing cognitive load. [3]
In cognitive psychology, the missing letter effect refers to the finding that, when people are asked to consciously detect target letters while reading text, they miss more letters in frequent function words (e.g. the letter "h" in "the") than in less frequent, content words.