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If the risk of an outcome is increased by the exposure, the term absolute risk increase (ARI) is used, and computed as . Equivalently, if the risk of an outcome is decreased by the exposure, the term absolute risk reduction (ARR) is used, and computed as I u − I e {\displaystyle I_{u}-I_{e}} .
Very effective treatment with large improvement over control: 0.1: 0.9: 1.25: For simplicity, a low number of participants will be used, though scientific studies almost always require many more. Ten people receive the treatment, and ten receive a control. Of the ten in the treated group, nine show improvement, and one shows no improvement.
If the risk of an adverse event is increased by the exposure rather than decreased, the term relative risk increase (RRI) is used, and it is computed as () /. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] If the direction of risk change is not assumed, the term relative effect is used, and it is computed in the same way as relative risk increase.
Risk management is the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of risks, [1] followed by the minimization, monitoring, and control of the impact or probability of those risks occurring. [2]
It is desirous for the value of LD 50 to be as large as possible, to decrease risk of lethal effects and increase the therapeutic window. In the above formula, TI safety increases as the difference between LD 50 and ED 50 increases—hence, a higher safety-based therapeutic index indicates a larger therapeutic window, and vice versa.
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It is defined as the inverse of the absolute risk increase, and computed as / (), where is the incidence in the treated (exposed) group, and is the incidence in the control (unexposed) group. [1] Intuitively, the lower the number needed to harm, the worse the risk factor, with 1 meaning that every exposed person is harmed.
Oral diseases such as untreated tooth decay and gum disease affect 3.5 billion people in 2022