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The production of X-rays by a bolt of lightning was predicted as early as 1925 by C.T.R. Wilson, [104] but no evidence was found until 2001/2002, [105] [106] [107] when researchers at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology detected X-ray emissions from an induced lightning strike along a grounded wire trailed behind a rocket shot ...
As the Sun rises higher, the rays passing through the crystals are increasingly skewed from the horizontal plane. Their angle of deviation increases and the sundogs move further from the Sun. [ 30 ] However, they always stay at the same elevation as the Sun. Sun dogs are red-colored at the side nearest the Sun. Farther out the colors grade to ...
This is due to high moisture content in the lower atmosphere and high surface temperature, which produces strong sea breezes along the Florida coast. [5] As a result, heat lightning is often seen over the water at night, the remnants of storms that formed during the day along a sea breeze front coming in from the opposite coast.
Although the solar corona is a source of extreme ultraviolet and X-ray radiation, these rays make up only a very small amount of the power output of the Sun (see spectrum at right). The spectrum of nearly all solar electromagnetic radiation striking the Earth's atmosphere spans a range of 100 nm to about 1 mm (1,000,000 nm).
Cloud-to-ground lightning.Typically, lightning discharges 30,000 amperes, at up to 100 million volts, and emits light, radio waves, x-rays and even gamma rays. [1] Plasma temperatures in lightning can approach 28,000 kelvins.
At sunrise or sunset, tangentially incident solar rays illuminate clouds with orange to red hues. The visible spectrum, approximately 380 to 740 nanometers (nm), [1] shows the atmospheric water absorption band and the solar Fraunhofer lines. The blue sky spectrum contains light at all visible wavelengths with a broad maximum around 450–485 nm ...
At fixed latitude, the size of the seasonal difference in sun angle (and thus the seasonal temperature variation) is equal to double the Earth's axial tilt. For example, with an axial tilt is 23°, and at a latitude of 45°, then the summer's peak sun angle is 68° (giving sin(68°) = 93% insolation at the surface), while winter's least sun ...
Highest dew point temperature: A dew point of 35 °C (95 °F) — while the temperature was 42 °C (108 °F) — was observed at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on 8 July 2003. [ 202 ] Highest heat index : In the observation above at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, the heat index ("feels like" temperature) was 81.1 °C (178.0 °F).