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The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of neurons, two in the medulla and one in the pons. In the medulla they are the dorsal respiratory group, and the ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the pontine respiratory group includes two areas known as the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center.
The two respiratory areas – the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center make up the pontine respiratory group that provide antagonistic control signals to the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) located in the medulla. Increased input from the pneumotaxic center decreases the duration and increases the frequency of bursts of activity in the ...
pneumotaxic center. Coordinates speed of inhalation and exhalation; Sends inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area; Involved in fine tuning of respiration rate. apneustic center. Coordinates speed of inhalation and exhalation. Sends stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area – activates and prolongs inhalations
The pons houses the respiratory pneumotaxic center and apneustic center that make up the pontine respiratory group in the respiratory center. The pons co-ordinates activities of the cerebellar hemispheres. [10] The pons and medulla oblongata are parts of the hindbrain that form much of the brainstem.
Specifically, concurrent removal of input from the vagus nerve and the pneumotaxic center causes this pattern of breathing. It is an ominous sign, with a generally poor prognosis. It can also be temporarily caused by some drugs, such as ketamine. It causes craniocerebral injury.
Intracerebral B-cell lymphoma represents less than 1% of all primary malignant tumors of the central nervous system. [6] [1] [3] Infiltration of lymphoma cells into the pons and medulla is the most frequently reported cause of CNH, accounting for half of all CNH-inducing brain tumors, despite its considerable rarity. It has been suggested that ...
Within the pons is the pneumotaxic center consisting of the subparabrachial and the medial parabrachial nuclei. This center regulates the change from inhalation to exhalation. [2] The pons is implicated in sleep paralysis, and may also play a role in generating dreams. [8]
contralateral frontal eye field of the middle frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe (via frontopontine fibers [6] The frontal eye field meanwhile receives afferents from the visual cortex. [7] superior colliculus [6] vestibular nuclei [6] other parts of the reticular formation. [6]