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Kidney stone disease, also known as renal calculus disease, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material (renal calculus) develops in the urinary tract. [2] Renal calculi typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. [2] A small calculus may pass without causing symptoms. [2]
Struvite kidney stones are also known as triple phosphate stones (calcium magnesium ammonium phosphate), owing to the presence of carbonate apatite that precipitates to accompany struvite at high pH. [10] [11] [12] Struvite and carbonate apatite precipitate in alkaline urine, forming kidney stones.
About 76% of kidney stones are partially or entirely of the calcium oxalate type. [6] They form when urine is persistently saturated with calcium and oxalate. Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by kidney stones at some point. [14] [15] In 2015, they caused about 16,000 deaths worldwide. [16]
"One of the most straightforward ways to lower kidney stone risk is to drink plenty of fluids—water in particular. Extra fluids dilute urine, making stones less likely," Dr. Porter advises.
17. Kidney Stones. Kidney stones happen when hard deposits of minerals and salts form inside your kidneys, according to the National Kidney Foundation. They can be caused by foods you eat, extra ...
Hydroxyapatite is a constituent of calcium phosphate kidney stones. ... through water fluoridation or the use of fluoride ... due to its chemical similarity to hard ...