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It is the most often cited of the COST 231 models (EU funded research project ca. April 1986 – April 1996), [1] also called the Hata Model PCS Extension. This model is the combination of empirical and deterministic models for estimating path loss in an urban area over frequency range of 800 MHz to 2000 MHz.
[3] δ 13 C for some sample is then calculated by dividing the amount of 13 C by 1.12372% and then subtracting 1 and multiplying by 1000 to give a value in "per mil". [4] A related standard is the use of a δ 13 C of -25 ‰, corresponding to wood, as the value used in normalization.
CPP is the cost of an advertising campaign, relative to the rating points delivered. In a manner similar to CPM, cost per point measures the cost per rating point for an advertising campaign by dividing the cost of the advertising by the rating points delivered. [4] The American Marketing Association defines cost-per-rating-point (CPR or CPRP) as:
Free-space loss increases with the square of distance between the antennas because the radio waves spread out by the inverse square law and decreases with the square of the wavelength of the radio waves. The FSPL is rarely used standalone, but rather as a part of the Friis transmission formula, which includes the gain of antennas. [3]
For example, for decays of 132 Cs, 98.13% are ε (electron capture) or β + decays, and 1.87% are β − decays. The half-life of this isotope is 6.480 days, [ 2 ] which corresponds to a total decay constant of 0.1070 d −1 .
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For example, an FM radio station which advertises that it has 100,000 watts of power actually has 100,000 watts ERP, and not an actual 100,000-watt transmitter. The transmitter power output (TPO) of such a station typically may be 10,000–20,000 watts, with a gain factor of 5–10× (5–10×, or 7–10 dB ).