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Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare form of pulmonary hypertension caused by progressive blockage of the small veins in the lungs. [2] The blockage leads to high blood pressures in the arteries of the lungs, which, in turn, leads to heart failure .
DVT is often found in the calf, accompanies with the swelling of limbs along the deep vein while pulmonary embolism causes chronic pulmonary hypertension. [11] VTE is the third deadliest cardiovascular disease in the world. [11] Haemostasis is the rapid development of blood clots for the purpose of reducing blood loss. [11]
Peripheral vascular disease, or PVD usually involves the arteries, and so sometimes it’s also referred to as peripheral artery disease or PAD. PVD is most often caused by a blockage, called organic PVD, most commonly caused by atherosclerosis, which is a buildup of lipids and fibrous material just under the inner lining of the blood vessel ...
Peripheral vascular disease-ulcer. Treatment varies based on the type of vascular disease being treated. In treating renal artery disease, a 2014 study indicates that balloon angioplasty can improve diastolic blood pressure and potentially reduce antihypertensive drug requirements. [30]
A diagram explaining factors affecting arterial pressure. Pathophysiology is a study which explains the function of the body as it relates to diseases and conditions. The pathophysiology of hypertension is an area which attempts to explain mechanistically the causes of hypertension, which is a chronic disease characterized by elevation of blood pressure.
Ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) assesses peripheral vascular disease. It may however be unreliable in patients with calcified arteries in the calf (often diabetic patients) or those with extensive oedema , in which case toe pressure or Toe-brachial pressure index (TBPI) should be measured to aid in the diagnosis.
Antihypertensive agents comprise multiple classes of compounds that are intended to manage hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy aims to maintain a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg in all patients, as well as to prevent the progression or recurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in hypertensive patients with established CVD. [2]
The factors with the greatest risk associations are hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and smoking. Presenting three of these factors or more increases the risk of developing PAD tenfold. [38] Smoking – Tobacco use in any form is the single greatest risk factor for peripheral artery disease internationally.