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Bergmann's rule - Penguins on the Earth (mass m, height h) [1] Bergmann's rule is an ecogeographical rule that states that, within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, while populations and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions.
Allen's rule - Hare and its ears on the Earth [1]. Allen's rule is an ecogeographical rule formulated by Joel Asaph Allen in 1877, [2] [3] broadly stating that animals adapted to cold climates have shorter and thicker limbs and bodily appendages than animals adapted to warm climates.
The temperature-size rule denotes the plastic response (i.e. phenotypic plasticity) of organismal body size to environmental temperature variation. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Organisms exhibiting a plastic response are capable of allowing their body size to fluctuate with environmental temperature.
Tardigrades live over the entire world, including the high Himalayas. [4] Tardigrades are also able to survive temperatures of close to absolute zero (−273 °C or −459 °F), [5] temperatures as high as 151 °C (304 °F), radiation that would kill other animals, [6] and almost a decade without water. [7]
The bodies of some animals, such as woodrats, are inversely correlated with the mean annual temperature of their environment. [9] This is an applied example of Bergmann's rule; Drosophila species occur in both tropical climates, where the temperature is warm, and temperate climates, where the temperature is colder. When both groups of species ...
Gigantothermy (sometimes called ectothermic homeothermy or inertial homeothermy) is a phenomenon with significance in biology and paleontology, whereby large, bulky ectothermic animals are more easily able to maintain a constant, relatively high body temperature than smaller animals by virtue of their smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio. [1]
Through metabolism, body size can affect stoichiometry. For example, small organism tend to store most of their phosphorus in rRNA due to their high metabolic rate, [10] [11] [12] whereas large organisms mostly invest this element inside the skeletal structure. Thus, concentration of elements to some extent can limit the rate of biological ...
For species for which only part of their range is used for breeding activity, the terms breeding range and non-breeding range are used. For mobile animals, the term natural range is often used, as opposed to areas where it occurs as a vagrant. Geographic or temporal qualifiers are often added, such as in British range or pre-1950 range.