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The global market for chemicals from fluorine was about US$16 billion per year as of 2006. [1] The industry was predicted to reach 2.6 million metric tons per year by 2015. [2]
Fluorine is an important element for biological systems. From a mammalian health perspective, it is notable as a component of fluorapatite , a key mineral in the teeth of humans that have been exposed to fluorine, as well as shark and fish teeth. [ 4 ]
Adding a fluorine increases both its medical power and anti-inflammatory effects. [16] Fluorine-containing fludrocortisone is one of the most common of these drugs. [17] Dexamethasone and triamcinolone, which are among the most potent of the related synthetic corticosteroid class of drugs, contain fluorine as well. [17]
Fluorine atoms have nine electrons, one fewer than neon, and electron configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5: two electrons in a filled inner shell and seven in an outer shell requiring one more to be filled. The outer electrons are ineffective at nuclear shielding , and experience a high effective nuclear charge of 9 − 2 = 7; this affects the atom's ...
HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) has grown to become the most abundant HFC in Earth's atmosphere as of year 2015. [2] Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are the compounds consisting of fluorine and carbon. They are widely used in the electronics, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in refrigeration when combined with other gases.
Perfluoroalkanes are very stable because of the strength of the carbon–fluorine bond, one of the strongest in organic chemistry. [4] Its strength is a result of the electronegativity of fluorine imparting partial ionic character through partial charges on the carbon and fluorine atoms, which shorten and strengthen the bond (compared to carbon-hydrogen bonds) through favorable covalent ...
In September 2024, in Food and Water Watch et al. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency, [107] U.S. Federal Judge Edward Chen ruled that water fluoridation posed an, “unreasonable risk of reduced IQ in children…a risk sufficient to require the EPA to engage with a regulatory response…One thing the EPA cannot do, however, in the ...
The carbon–fluorine bond is one of the strongest in organic chemistry (an average bond energy around 480 kJ/mol [1]). This is significantly stronger than the bonds of carbon with other halogens (an average bond energy of e.g. C-Cl bond is around 320 kJ/mol [ 1 ] ) and is one of the reasons why fluoroorganic compounds have high thermal and ...