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As a consequence of Roman customs, society, and personal preference, Augustus (/ ɔː ˈ ɡ ʌ s t ə s / aw-GUST-əs) was known by many names throughout his life: . Gaius Octavius (/ ɒ k ˈ t eɪ v i ə s / ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]).
In reality, however, Rome remained an oligarchy, since the critical laws were still enacted by the Roman Senate. [44] In effect, democracy was satisfied with the possession of power, but did not care to actually use it [clarification needed]. The Senate was supreme during this era because the era was dominated by foreign policy. [45]
The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana [ˈreːs ˈpuːblɪka roːˈmaːna]) was the era of classical Roman civilisation beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.
Pompey's influence was based on his reputation as a military commander, and popularity with the Roman people. [97] Crassus' wealth allowed him to construct extensive patronage networks, but he lacked the military clout essential for political success in the late Republican era. [98]
In Roman constitutional law, the assemblies were a sovereign authority, with the power to enact or reject any law, confer any magistracies, and make any decision. [6] This view of popular sovereignty emerged elegantly out of the Roman conception that the people and the state (or government) were one and the same. [17]
The Etruscans left a lasting influence on Rome. The Romans learned to build temples from them, and the Etruscans may have introduced the worship of a triad of gods—Juno, Minerva, and Jupiter—from the Etruscan gods: Uni, Menrva, and Tinia. However, the influence of Etruscan people in the development of Rome is often overstated. [20]
Rome was outraged, and the Senate declared war against Cleopatra, an important distinction, because Octavian did not want the Roman people to consider it a civil war. Octavian's forces decisively defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in Greece in September 31 BC, chasing them to Egypt in 30 BC. Both Antony and Cleopatra ...
Marcus Tullius Cicero [a] (/ ˈ s ɪ s ə r oʊ / SISS-ə-roh; Latin: [ˈmaːrkʊs ˈtʊlli.ʊs ˈkɪkɛroː]; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, [4] who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. [5]