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The essence of the Boussinesq approximation is that the difference in inertia is negligible but gravity is sufficiently strong to make the specific weight appreciably different between the two fluids. The existence of sound waves in a Boussinesq fluid is not possible as sound is the result of density fluctuations within a fluid.
The sound speed profile may cause regions of low sound intensity called "Shadow Zones", and regions of high intensity called "Caustics". These may be found by ray tracing methods. At the equator and temperate latitudes in the ocean, the surface temperature is high enough to reverse the pressure effect, such that a sound speed minimum occurs at ...
The restoration of the fluid to equilibrium will produce a movement of the fluid back and forth, called a wave orbit. [1] Gravity waves on an air–sea interface of the ocean are called surface gravity waves (a type of surface wave), while gravity waves that are within the body of the water (such as between parts of different densities) are ...
For a certain water depth, surface gravity waves – i.e. waves occurring at the air–water interface and gravity as the only force restoring it to flatness – propagate faster with increasing wavelength. On the other hand, for a given (fixed) wavelength, gravity waves in deeper water have a larger phase speed than in shallower water. [1]
Natural convection can occur when there are hot and cold regions of either air or water, because both water and air become less dense as they are heated. But, for example, in the world's oceans it also occurs due to salt water being heavier than fresh water, so a layer of salt water on top of a layer of fresher water will also cause convection.
The distribution and motion of plastics caused by eddy formations in natural water bodies can be predicted using Lagrangian transport models. [13] Mesoscale ocean eddies play crucial roles in transferring heat poleward, as well as maintaining heat gradients at different depths. [14]
Normal sound in gases is a consequence of the collision rate τ between molecules being large compared to the frequency of the sound wave ω ≫ 1/τ. For second sound, the Umklapp rate τ u has to be small compared to the oscillation frequency ω ≪ 1/ τ u for energy and momentum conservation.
Sound can propagate through a medium such as air, water and solids as longitudinal waves and also as a transverse wave in solids. The sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating diaphragm of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium.