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Young's modulus is defined as the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) applied to the object and the resulting axial strain (displacement or deformation) in the linear elastic region of the material. Although Young's modulus is named after the 19th-century British scientist Thomas Young, the concept was developed in 1727 by Leonhard Euler.
Elastic properties describe the reversible deformation (elastic response) of a material to an applied stress. They are a subset of the material properties that provide a quantitative description of the characteristics of a material, like its strength .
Shear modulus: Ratio of shear stress to shear strain (MPa) Shear strength: Maximum shear stress a material can withstand; Slip: A tendency of a material's particles to undergo plastic deformation due to a dislocation motion within the material. Common in Crystals. Specific modulus: Modulus per unit volume (MPa/m^3)
This is a combination of a large temperature gradient due to low thermal conductivity, in addition to rapid change in temperature on brittle materials. The change in temperature causes stresses on the surface that are in tension, which encourages crack formation and propagation. Ceramics materials are usually susceptible to thermal shock. [2]
Young's modulus and shear modulus are only for solids, whereas the bulk modulus is for solids, liquids, and gases. The elasticity of materials is described by a stress–strain curve , which shows the relation between stress (the average restorative internal force per unit area) and strain (the relative deformation). [ 2 ]
It measures the resonant frequencies in order to calculate the Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio and internal friction of predefined shapes like rectangular bars, cylindrical rods and disc shaped samples. The measurements can be performed at room temperature or at elevated temperatures (up to 1700 °C) under different atmospheres. [2]
The strength of materials is determined using various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts. The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of the materials such as its yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus ...
The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions. Flexural modulus ( E flex ) describes the object's tendency to flex when acted upon by a moment . Two other elastic moduli are Lamé's first parameter , λ, and P-wave modulus , M , as used in table of modulus comparisons given below references.