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Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 86 calling for the cancellation of the plebiscite and instituted barangays' citizens' assemblies to ratify the new constitution by a plebiscite from 10–15 January 1973. Alongside the utilization of citizens' assemblies, the voting age was also reduced to 15.
The referendum was set from July 27 to July 28, 1973. This referendum was marred with controversy. It is contested that there could not have been any valid referendum held from January 10 to January 15, 1973. Observers noted that many of the claimed 35,000 citizens' assemblies never met and voting was by show of hands. [1] [2]
January 10–15 – A national plebiscite referendum is held among the citizens' assemblies to ratify the new Constitution. [1] [2]January 15 – Chinese Lim Seng (Guan Suo So), upon order from Pres. Marcos on January 3, is publicly executed by firing squad in a firing range in Fort Bonifacio, Rizal for drug trafficking; the country's first execution by that method after 27 years, and only ...
Calling a plebiscite to ratify the constitution No 90.96% Referendum Allow the president to continue beyond 1973 and finish the reforms under martial law Yes 90.67% Details: 1975 Referendum Approval of the president's actions Yes 88.69% Details: Approval of the president continuing the same powers Yes 87.51% Selection of local officials
The 1973 constitutional plebiscite was called to ratify the new constitution, but the validity of the ratification was brought to question because Marcos replaced the method of voting through secret ballot with a system of viva voce voting by "citizen's assemblies".
The Ratification Cases, officially titled as Javellana v.Executive Secretary (G.R. No. L-36142, March 31, 1973; 50 SCRA 30), was a 1973 Supreme Court of the Philippines case that allowed the 1973 Philippine Constitution to come into full force, which led to President Ferdinand Marcos staying in office and ruling by decree until he was ousted by the People Power Revolution in 1986.
Togo's president has signed a new constitution eliminating presidential elections, his office said late Monday, a move that opponents say will allow him to extend his family's six-decade rule.
The 1973 constitutional plebiscite was called to ratify the new constitution, but the validity of the ratification was brought to question because Marcos replaced secret ballot voting with a system of viva voce voting by "citizen's assemblies". [178]: 213 The ratification of the constitution was challenged in the Ratification Cases. [179] [180]