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Stages 1–3 are within the breast or regional lymph nodes. Stage 4 is a metastatic cancer. Metastatic breast cancer has a less favorable prognosis. Receptor status. Cells have receptors on their surface and in their cytoplasm and nucleus. Chemical messengers such as hormones bind to receptors, and this causes changes in the cell.
N: degree of spread to regional lymph nodes. Nx: lymph nodes cannot be assessed; N0: no regional lymph nodes metastasis; N1: regional lymph node metastasis present; at some sites, tumor spread to closest or small number of regional lymph nodes; N2: tumor spread to an extent between N1 and N3 (N2 is not used at all sites)
Whether a cancer is designated as Stage II or Stage III can depend on the specific type of cancer; for example, in Hodgkin's Disease, Stage II indicates affected lymph nodes on only one side of the diaphragm, whereas Stage III indicates affected lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm. The specific criteria for Stages II and III therefore ...
[1] [2] Cancer that has spread beyond the breast and the lymph nodes is classified as Stage IV, or metastatic cancer, and requires mostly systemic treatment. The TNM staging system of a cancer is a measurement of the physical extent of the tumor and its spread, where: T stands for the main (primary) tumor (range of T0-T4)
Breast cancer can metastasize anywhere in body but primarily metastasizes to the bone, lungs, regional lymph nodes, liver and brain, with the most common site being the bone. [4] Treatment of metastatic breast cancer depends on location of the metastatic tumors and includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biological, and hormonal therapy. [5]
The predictive value and prevalence of lymphovascular invasion is strongly dependent on the type of cancer. In other words, LVI in one type of cancer may be much less important than LVI in another type of cancer. Generally speaking, it is associated with lymph node metastases [2] [3] which themselves are predictive of a poorer prognosis. [4]