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Waddell's signs are a group of physical signs, first described in a 1980 article in Spine, and named for the article's principal author, Professor Gordon Waddell (1943–2017), a Scottish Orthopedic Surgeon. [1] [2] Waddell's signs may indicate non-organic or psychological component to chronic low back pain.
The prison conditions and lack of good medical care can make things worse for them and their babies. Recommendations suggest providing better care for pregnant women in prison and evaluating alternatives to traditional imprisonment for those with minor offenses. This could lead to better outcomes for both mental health and pregnancy. [44]
Many women in prison with histories of trauma and abuse exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and battered woman's syndrome, and are vulnerable to experiences of retraumatization in the prison setting. [60] A study from 2016 found that 54% of women in the sample had a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD. [62]
Battered woman syndrome (BWS) is a pattern of signs and symptoms displayed by a woman who has suffered persistent intimate partner violence—psychological, physical, or sexual—from her partner (usually male). [1] [2] It is classified in the ICD-9 (code 995.81) as battered person syndrome, [2] but is not in the DSM-5. [2]
Menopause in incarceration is a social and policy campaigning issue in which people work to raise awareness of the gender specific impact menopause symptoms can have on people in prison. [1] Although women are a minority of those incarcerated, the age of women in the prison system is increasing across the world.
Although women form a minority in the global prison population, the population of incarcerated women is growing at a rate twice as fast as the male prison population. [5] Those imprisoned in China, Russia, and the United States comprise the great majority of incarcerated people, including women, in the world. [ 6 ]
According to the lawsuit, prison video shows Mitchell being held naked in a solitary cell with a concrete floor. The lawsuit speculates that Mitchell was also taken to the prison kitchen "freezer" or similar freezing environment and left there for hours "because his body temperature was so low." [85] [84]
The separation and lack of contact with their children that these women endorse has been described as damaging to their mental health. [2] Studies on mothers post-release have underscored this conceptualization by demonstrating that healthy mother-child relationships have positive impacts on depression symptoms and self-esteem.