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Scarification is often done mechanically, thermally, and chemically. The seeds of many plant species are often impervious to water and gases, thus preventing or delaying germination. Any process designed to make the testa (seed coat) more permeable to water and gases is known as scarification.
It is a measure of germination time course and is usually expressed as a percentage, e.g., an 85% germination rate indicates that about 85 out of 100 seeds will probably germinate under proper conditions over the germination period given. Seed germination rate is determined by the seed genetic composition, morphological features and ...
Sowing is the process of planting seeds. An area that has had seeds planted in it will be described as a sowed or sown area. When sowing it is important to: Use quality seeds; Maintain proper distance between seeds; Plant at correct depth; Ensure the soil is clean , healthy , and free of pathogens (disease causing microorganisms)
The radicle is the first part of a seedling (a growing plant embryo) to emerge from the seed during the process of germination. [4] The radicle is the embryonic root of the plant, and grows downward in the soil (the shoot emerges from the plumule) where it absorbs more water. Most of the seed is stored energy so nutrients are not essential ...
Warm stratification requires temperatures of 15–20 °C (59–68 °F). In many instances, warm stratification followed by cold stratification requirements can also be met by planting the seeds in summer in a mulched bed for expected germination the following spring. Some seeds may not germinate until the second spring. [citation needed]
After stratification, most seeds need some type of scarification. Scarification is the process that allows the hard shell of the seed to be penetrated by water. This is usually accomplished by soaking the seeds in water for a period of time. In some cases, the seed shell must be scraped with an abrasive to speed up the process.
Seed vigor is a measure of the quality of seed, and involves the viability of the seed, the germination percentage, germination rate, and the strength of the seedlings produced. [ 47 ] The germination percentage is simply the proportion of seeds that germinate from all seeds subject to the right conditions for growth.
Removal of the outer seed coverings enhances germination performance, which suggests that the seeds may display non-deep physiological dormancy. [26] On planting the seed it is necessary to keep it moist but not immersed in water for the first two weeks of cultivation; it has been suggested that soaking the seeds in water before planting ...