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Jackson and Eklund created two scales that have been proven to be psychometrically valid and reliable: the flow state scale-2 (which measures flow as a state), and the dispositional flow scale-2 (designed to measure flow as either a general trait or domain-specific trait).
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Liquid metals have small magnetic Prandtl numbers, for example, liquid sodium's is around . But plasmas have large P M {\displaystyle P_{M}} . The Reynolds number is the ratio of the nonlinear term u ⋅ ∇ u {\displaystyle \mathbf {u} \cdot \nabla \mathbf {u} } of the Navier–Stokes equation to the viscous term.
The porous medium equation name originates from its use in describing the flow of an ideal gas in a homogeneous porous medium. [6] We require three equations to completely specify the medium's density , flow velocity field , and pressure : the continuity equation for conservation of mass; Darcy's law for flow in a porous medium; and the ideal gas equation of state.
The spectral interpretation of the filtering operation is essential to the filtering operation in large eddy simulation, as the spectra of turbulent flows is central to LES subgrid-scale models, which reconstruct the effect of the sub-filter scales (the highest frequencies). One of the challenges in subgrid modeling is to effectively mimic the ...
The essential idea in the Boussinesq approximation is the elimination of the vertical coordinate from the flow equations, while retaining some of the influences of the vertical structure of the flow under water waves. This is useful because the waves propagate in the horizontal plane and have a different (not wave-like) behaviour in the ...
An example of a non-Boussinesq flow is bubbles rising in water. The behaviour of air bubbles rising in water is very different from the behaviour of water falling in air: in the former case rising bubbles tend to form hemispherical shells, while water falling in air splits into raindrops (at small length scales surface tension enters the ...
For instance, in flows with streamline curvature, flow separation, flows with zones of re-circulating flow or flows influenced by mean rotational effects, the performance of these models is unsatisfactory. Such one- and two-equation based closures cannot account for the return to isotropy of turbulence, [1] observed in decaying turbulent flows.