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The Battle of Hattin took place on 4 July 1187, between the Crusader states of the Levant and the forces of the Ayyubid sultan Saladin. It is also known as the Battle of the Horns of Hattin , due to the shape of the nearby extinct volcano of that name .
However, the Ayyubids attempted to convince the Crusaders of their situation and their defeat at Hattin. [1] At Hattin, the Ayyubids captured Humphrey IV of Toron. His mother, Stephanie of Milly, and wife were in Jerusalem when the city surrendered in October. Saladin allowed Humphrey to reunite with his mother and wife.
The Kingdom of Jerusalem, weakened by internal disputes, was defeated at the Battle of Hattin on 4 July 1187. Most of the nobility were taken prisoner, including King Guy. Thousands of Muslim slaves were freed. [2] [3] [4] By mid-September, Saladin had taken Acre, Nablus, Jaffa, Toron, Sidon, Beirut, and Ascalon.
Pope Urban III is said to have collapsed and died (October 1187) upon hearing the news of the Battle of Hattin. [18] The new pope, Gregory VIII, in the bull Audita tremendi dated 29 October 1187, interpreted the capture of Jerusalem as punishment for the sins of Christians across Europe. In the bull, he called for a new crusade to the Holy Land ...
As the battle progressed, the Crusaders faced severe challenges. Their infantry, suffering from dehydration, broke formation and tried to retreat towards the Horns of Hattin. Without their infantry, the Crusader cavalry engaged directly with the Muslims, attempting two attacks to break out of the encirclement.
The Horns of Hattin, c. 1925. The Horns of Hattin ( Hebrew: קרני חיטין, romanized: Karnei Hittin Arabic: قرون حطين, romanized: Qurûn Hattîn) is an extinct volcano with twin peaks overlooking the plains of Hattin in the Lower Galilee, Israel. It is most famous as the site of the Battle of Hattin (1187).
Horns of Hattin. Hittin was located on the northern slopes of the double hill known as the "Horns of Hattin."It was strategically and commercially significant due to its location overlooking the Plain of Hittin, which opens onto the coastal lowlands of the Lake Tiberias (the Sea of Galilee) to the east, and to the west is linked by mountain passes leading towards the plains of lower Galilee.
However, Saladin lured the force into inhospitable terrain without water, surrounded the Latins with a superior force and routed them at the Battle of Hattin. Saladin offered the Christians the options of remaining in peace under Islamic rule or taking advantage of 40 days' grace to leave.